Á¤Á¶´ë¿ÕÀÇ ²Þ: ¼ö¿ø È­¼º (King Jungjo's Dream: Suwon Hwasong)

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Visitors coming from Seoul on Route 1, as they enter the city of Suwon, are greeted by a grand old gate that fills the view in the windshield. This is Jang-an Gate, one of the 41 (originally 48) buildings and structures straddling the 5.7km fortress wall that surrounds the old part of this bustling 2002 World Cup host city. The gates, pavilions, watch towers, fortress wall and other urban and military facilities are collectively called Hwasong, an UNESCO World Heritage and a fine example of what historians generally call 'the 18th-century Cultural Renaissance in Korea'. Even the city's emblem is Hwasong. For King Jungjo, the 22nd ruler of Chosun, this was 'a dream come true'. However, he himself was to die before he executed the final chapter of his grand plan......   

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Understanding King Jungjo could be a study in complex human psyche. He was an unhappy man; he was only 11 years old when his father, Sadoseja, was put to death by no less than his own grandfather, King Yongjo. This family tragedy left the little boy a deep scar, that was never healed in his rather short life of 48 years. He was extremely bright; along with King Sejong, the 4th ruler of Chosun and the inventor of Hangul, Korean alphabet, he is considered to be the most intelligent and scholarly of all 27 kings of Chosun. He is known to have given lectures in the Oriental classics to his own subjects, instead of being lectured by them. He was also a prolific writer and a master of caligraphy.

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During King Jungjo's reign, which started in 1776, the year of American independence, the best and the brightest of the society were given chances to participate in various political and administrative activities, regardless of their family background and sometimes even social status. Thus the list of people responsible for the construction of Hwasong, such as Chae, Jaegong, Jung, Yakyong and Cho, Shimtae, is a roll call of the cream of society in the late Chosun period. It was as if this old dynasty suddenly found a burst of creative energy; people started to think and act differently. They tried new materials and methods, designed new equipments and built structures that had no precedents. All this was obsessively recorded in the 'Official Record of the Construction of Hwasong', which actually took more time than the construction itself. In this 10-volume book, even the names of bricklayers and carpenters were recorded in minute details, along with the pay they got.

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Hwasong as it is now is still a vital urban element of Suwon, a city expecting to have one million population very soon. The city has already outgrown Hwasong a long time ago, but the urban layout is still based on what was decided more than 200 years ago. Neglected during the Japanese colonial period and severely damaged during the Korean War, Hwasong was restored in late 1970's to its original grandeur. This later turned out to be an extremely timely move, since the city started to grow rapidly in 1980's; a delay of only a few years would have meant the unthinkable......

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 A visit to Hwasong is a healthy experience for both body and mind. The terrain is mostly gentle but it gets fairly steep as the fortress wall goes over Paldalsan, a small hill in the south-western part of Hwasong. A leisurely walk would take around 2 to 3 hours to make a complete circle around the walled area, but it tends to take longer since anyone with curiosity just cannot pass each one of those exquisite buildings and structures along the fortress wall. They all seem to be different! Here are a few samples;

1. Àå¾È¹®°ú ÆÈ´Þ¹®

ÀÌ µÎ ¹®Àº °¢°¢ ÀÌ ¼ºº®µµ½ÃÀÇ ºÏ¹®°ú ³²¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î Çüųª ±Ô¸ð¿¡ ÀÖ¾î µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. ¼­¿ïÀÇ ³²´ë¹®º¸´Ù ±Ô¸ð°¡ Å« °ÍÀº ÀÌ ½Åµµ½Ã°¡ Á¤Á¶¿¡°Ô ¾ó¸¶³ª ¼ÒÁßÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ¸»ÇØÁÖ´Â »ó¡ÀûÀÎ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ƯÀÌÇÑ °ÍÀº ¿Ë¼ºÀ̶ó´Â ¹Ý¿øÇüÀÇ ±¸Á¶¹°ÀÌ´Ù.  ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¹æ¾îÀÚ°¡ ħÀÔÇÏ´Â ¹«¸®¸¦ Á¼Àº °ø°£¿¡ ¸ô¾Æ ³õ°í À§¿¡¼­ °ø°ÝÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ë¼º Áß¾ÓÀÇ ÀÛÀº ¹®Àº Æò»ó½Ã¿¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ÃâÀÔÇßÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. Áö±Ý ÀÌ ¹®Àº ´ÝÇô ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±æÀÌ ±× ÁÖº¯À» °¨½Î µ¹°í ÀÖ´Ù.

1. Jang-an and Paldal Gates

These two are northern and southern entrances to the walled city respectively. They are basically the same both in size and form. It is significant that these two gates are even bigger than Namdaemun, the main gate of Seoul, a symbolic gesture showing how much this new town meant for King Jungjo. Another significant feature of these gates is the half-circle wall called ongsong. This allows the defenders on the wall to attack the invaders trapped in a tight space. A small opening in the middle meant that people used to pass through it during the peace time, but it is now closed and the roads circle around these gates.

2. °ø½Éµ·

°ø½Éµ·Àº Á¶¼±ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼­ Àü·Ê°¡ ¾ø´ø ±¸Á¶¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î´Â Áß±¹¿¡¼­ ¼öÀÔÇÏ¿´°í, º®µ¹·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁ³À¸¸ç, ¸Á·ç¿Í Æ÷´ë¸¦ °âÇÑ´Ù. ¼º ¾ÈÀÇ ¼ºÀ̶ó°í³ª ÇÒ °ø½Éµ·¿¡ ¿À¸£¸é ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ³Ê¸¥ °æ°üÀÌ ÆîÃÄÁø´Ù. ¿ø·¡´Â 3°³°¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª Áö±ÝÀº 2°³¸¸ ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Ù.

2. Gongsimdon

Gongsimdon had no historic precedents in Chosun before; based on a Chinese concept and built in brick, this is a watch tower and cannon platform. A fortress within a fortress, Gongsimdon has a commanding view of the surrounding area. There were originally three Gongsimdon's, but only two remain.

3. ¹æÈ­¼ö·ùÁ¤

¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ ÀÛÀº °Ç¹°À» °¡¸®ÄÑ 'È­¼ºÀÇ ²É'À̶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ±³Å¸¦ ºÎ¸®´Â °Íµµ °°°í, ÀüÇô ±º»ç½Ã¼³·Î º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÌ °Ç¹°Àº ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ÁöÈÖ¼ÒÀ̸鼭 µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¸Á·çÀÌ´Ù. ÇüÅ°¡ ¼¶¼¼ÇÏ°í Àå½Ä°ú ¼¼ºÎ°¡ dzºÎÇÏ¿© Àíºû ¼ºº®ÀÇ µÐÁßÇÔ°ú ´ëºñµÇ´Â °Ç¹°ÀÌ´Ù.

3. Banghwasuryujong

Many people refer to this small pavilion as 'a jewel of Hwasong', This almost coquettish, hardly military-looking building is actually a commanding post and watch tower. Very delicate in form and rich in decoration and details, it stands in stark contrast with the stern greyness of the fortress wall.

4. È­È«¹®

±ÙóÀÇ ¹æÈ­¼ö·ùÁ¤°ú ÇÔ²² È­¼ºÀÇ °¡Àå ÀλóÀûÀÎ °æ°üÀ» ¿¬ÃâÇÏ´Â °Ç¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÄ¡°¡ 7°³ ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ¹®Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¹°À» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ëõÀ̶ó´Â ÀÛÀº °­¹°ÀÌ È­È«¹®À» ÅëÇØ ºÏÂÊÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Èê·¯µé¾î µµ½Ã¸¦ °üÅëÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ´ëõÀº Àå¾È¹®°ú ÆÈ´Þ¹®À» ÀÕ´Â ÁÖ °£¼±µµ·Î¿Í ÆòÇàÇÏ°Ô ´Þ¸°´Ù.  

4. Hwahong Gate

Together with Bangwhasuryujong nearby, this seven-arched gate offer one of the most impressive scenery of Hwasong. This gate is not for people but water; Hwahong Gate is the northern 'entrance' of Daechon, a small river running parallel with the main north-south boulevard of the city.

5. ºÀµ·

È­¼ºÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ±º»ç½Ã¼³ÀÌ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯·Î Ä¡¸é ¹«¼±Åë½Å±âÁö¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ºÀÈ­¸¦ ¿Ã¸®´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ½Ã¼³ÀÌ´Ù. 5°³ÀÇ ºÀÈ­´ë°¡ Àִµ¥ ¸ðµÎ º®µ¹·Î ¼¶¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Ù. ºÀµ·Àº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ »ç¿ëµÇ°í Àִµ¥, ´Ù¸¸ ±º»çÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ °ü±¤ÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀû ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¸ÅÀÏ Á¤¿À¿¡ ÀüÅ뺹ÀåÀ» ÇÑ À§º´ÀÌ Çϴ÷Π¿¬±â¸¦ ¿Ã·Á º¸³½´Ù.

5. Bongdon

This is another military feature of Hwasong. A pre-modern version of radio post, Bongdon is a vital communication tool using smoke signals. They are 5 smoke stacks, each built lovingly in dark brick. Bongdon is still operational, albeit in a touristic, not military way; everyday at noon, a guard clad in traditional costume sends smoke signals to the sky.

6. ¼ºº®

ÁöÇüÀ» µû¶ó ¿À¸£³»¸®¸ç, È­»ì°ú Æ÷¸¦ ½î´Â ±¸¸ÛÀÌ ³ª ÀÖ´Â ¼ºº®Àº È­¼ºÀÇ °¡Àå ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ½Ã¼³ÀÌ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦ ÀüÀï¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ ¹Ù´Â ¾øÀ¸³ª, ¹«°ü½É, ±×¸®°í µµ½ÃÀÇ ÆØâÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ Æı«µÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀº 197³â´ë¿¡ º¹¿øµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ÆÈ´Þ¹® ÁÖº¯Àº ´ç½Ã¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì µµ½Ã°¡ µé¾î¼­ À־ ¾ÆÁ÷ ²÷¾îÁø »óÅ·ΠÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼ºº®Àº ¾ÈÆÆ¿¡¼­ ¸ðµÎ º¼ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. µµ½Ã¿Í ¼ºº®Àº ¿©·¯ °÷¿¡¼­ ¾ÆÁÖ Èï¹Ì·Ó°Ô ¸¸³ª¸ç, Çѱ¹ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ °÷¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ¾ø´Â µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ °æ°üÀ» ¸¸µé¾î³½´Ù.

6. Fortress Wal

Hugging the terrain and equipped with holes for arrows and cannons, the stone-and-brick fortress wall is the most essential feature of Hwasong. It was never put to use in a real war, but negligence and urban growth had much of the original fortress wall destroyed. Most of it was restored in 1970's, but the area around Paldal Gate was already occupied with the city and still remains unrestored. The fortress wall should be looked at both from inside and outside. The city meets the fortress wall in many different and interesting ways, creating unique urbanscape to be seen nowhere else in Korea.

ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇßÀ» ¶§ Á¤Á¶ÀÇ ¸¶À½ ¼Ó¿£ ¾î¶² »ý°¢ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ»±î? ¿ª»ç´Â ±×°¡ ¿ÕÀ§¸¦ ¾Æµé¿¡°Ô ¹°·ÁÁØ ÈÄ ÀÌ°÷¿¡ ³»·Á¿Í »ó¿ÕÀ¸·Î Áö³»·ÁÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ¼öµµ¿¡ °¡±îÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À¸·Î Çؼ­ ±×ÀÇ ¾Æµé°ú ¿Õ½ÇÀÇ ÈûÀ» Å°¿öÁÖ·Á Çß´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±×´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÀÎÀç¿Í ÀçÈ­¸¦ µ¿¿øÇÏ¿© È­¼ºÀ» Áö¾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀÌ°÷À¸·Î ÀÌÁÖ½ÃÄÑ Àå»çÇÏ¸ç »ì°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ºñÂüÇÏ°Ô Á×Àº ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¹«´ýÀ» °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ¿Å±â°í µµ½Ã ³»¿¡ Å« Çà±ÃÀ» Áö¾ú´Ù.

What did King Jungjo have in mind when he started all this? The history tells us that he planned to move down here after abdicating to his son, to spend the rest of his life here as King Father. He wanted to help empower his son's and the royal family's political power by being close to the capital. Therefore he not only had Hwasong built using all the talented people and materials he could collect, but also had numeous people move here to live and start businesses. Not only that, he already lad his unfortunate father's tomb moved nearby and a large palace built in the city.

±× °á°ú´Â ´«ºÎ¼Ì´Ù. µµ½Ã´Â ¼öµµ À̳² Áö¿ªÀÇ »ó¾÷ ¹× °æÁ¦ Áß½ÉÁö·Î Âø½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¼ºÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. Àß º¸È£µÇ°í Àß °èȹµÈ ÀÌ µµ½Ã´Â Á¤È®È÷ Áö¾îÁø Àǵµ´ë·Î ±â´ÉÇß´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ ¸ðµç °èȹÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸·À̸鼭 °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö±â¸¦ ÀÌ µµ½Ã´Â ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î Á¤Á¶ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÁÖ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¾ß½É°¡´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ±×ÀÇ Èû°úÁ¤½ÅÀ» ´Ù ¼ÒÁøÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ¿´´Ù. 25¼¼¿¡ ¿ÕÀ§¿¡ ¿Ã¶ó ÁÙ°ð Á¤Àûµé°ú »î°ú Á×À½À» ³Ñ³ªµå´Â ÅõÀïÀ» ¹ú¿©¿Â Á¤Á¶´Â 19¼¼±â°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǵø 1900³â, ±×¸¸ ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀ» ÇÏÁ÷ÇÏ°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Æò»ý ¼Ò¿øÀ̾ú´ø È­¼ºÀÌ ¿Ï¼ºµÈ Áö ºÒ°ú 4³â¸¸ÀÇ ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù.

The result was spectacular; the city rapidly grew to be a commercial and business center of the area south of the capital. This well-protected and well-thought-out city worked precisely as planned and was expecting to be endowed with the final and the most essential element of the entire plan: the King himself. However, this ambitious man had already exhausted his energy and spirit; having been crowned at the age of 25 and waged an epic, life and death battle with numerous political opponents ever since, King Jungjo passed away on the dawn of the 19th century, in 1800; it was only 4 years after Hwasong, the dream of his life, was completed.

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¼ö¿ø½ÃÀÇ ¹®Àå (Emblem of the city of Suwon)

 

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Á¤Á¶ÀÇ ±Û¾¾ (Caligraphy by King Jungjo)

 

»çÁø 3

È­¼º¼º¿ªÀDZ˿¡ ½Ç¸° È­¼ºÀü°æ (General view of Hwasong as illustrated in the 'Official Record of the Construction of Hwasong')

 

»çÁø 4, »çÁø 5

Àå¾È¹® Àü°æ. (A view toward Jang-an Gate.)

 

»çÁø 6, »çÁø 7

°ø½Éµ·ÀÇ ³»¿ÜºÎ (Inside and outside of Gongsimdon)

 

»çÁø 8

¹æÈ­¼ö·ùÁ¤ (Banghwasuryujong)

 

»çÁø 9

È­È«¹®¿¡¼­ º» ´ëõ (Daechon as seen from Hwahong Gate)

 

»çÁø 10, »çÁø 11

ºÀµ·ÀÇ µÎ ¸ð½À (Two views of Bongdon)

 

»çÁø 12

ÆÈ´Þ»ê À§ ¼ºº®ÀÇ ¹Ù±ù ºÎºÐ (The outer surface of the fortress wall on Paldalsan)