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  IAA Symposium(04?) Cities of the Future
  

I. FOREWORD

Networking
The proposed New Administrative Capital (NAC) offers an opportunity to review the validity of current ideas and values about cities. The goal is not just to create a well-planned and sustainable new capital, but also to manage and change the existing ones. As the country moves further toward a post-industrial, information- and telecommunication-based society, some of the Korean Experience, industrial and agricultural in origin, is no longer valid. The future certainly has to deal with the unprecedented.
The stake is huge. The Korean people are entering an era in which cities, not just countries, compete with one another. Some economists even argue that a comparative study on a national scale is often not effective in delivering the economical reality. What happens in Seoul does not necessarily happen in Busan and vice versa, for example. It is also interesting to note that the policies of the national government are not always endorsed and supported by individual cities, as they were before, as in the case of Seoul's outright opposition to the NAC, which Seoul sees as a threat to its unique status. The cities have started to act as independent units, often seeking direct contact with the global community on their own. The 'networking' of the world cities is the key issue in understanding the future of cities in Korea and beyond.

Hubs vs. Cliques
Is getting on the network enough for cities to prosper and survive then? Certainly not, because some networks function differently from others, as illustrated by the differences between 'hubs' and 'cliques'.
Hubs are nodes on the network with an exceptionally large number of ties. They not only gathers ideas, resources, informations on the network, but also distribute them. Most prosperous cities in the world, small or large, function this way. Maranello, for example, an Italian city in Emilia with the population around 15,000, is the hub for luxury sports car industry, since a supercar giant Ferrari calls this small city a home. The hubs are the places where diversity, creativity and motivation prevail. Isolated nodes, on the other hand, no matter how strong and resourceful at the beginning, cannot maintain the sustainability.
Cliques are different from isolated nodes in that they are on the network. They are also different from hubs in many ways. Cliques thrive on the ideas of homophily and isomorphism. The members of cliques try to resemble one another and focus on minor differences, often in a negative way. They are internally-oriented network aiming to structuralize and solidify the system. Therefore cliques are hardly suitable for radical innovations. They are an organizational dead-end.
Hubs and cliques are a useful concept in understanding the challenges the cities in Korea and beyond are facing now. Historical experience tells us that the Korean society has been either an isolated node (the most extreme case of which is the complete shutdown of the country in the late 19th century), or a clique (as best illustrated by the obsessive belief in 'national purity'). The problem now is that Korea wants and has to be a hub and it is not willing to shed some of the old values and beliefs. The 'hub' battle cannot be won with 'clique' mindset.

II. OBSTACLES

The Great Sameness
The clique nature of the Korean society has left its mark in the cities and buildings visually and formally. We are witnessing the Great Sameness, prevailing all over the country. It is as if the country had only one city planner or an architect, infinitely efficient. In no other cities in the world, for example, are found so many identical apartment blocks, as they are in cities in Korea. A good place to look at is Buchon, a city west of Seoul, almost completely made of miles and miles of apartment blocks disappearing into hazy horizon. This is certainly not a cityscape you would expect for a multivalent, diversified, globalized society that Korea says it want to be or even it already is.
The Great Sameness is also found in the land-use. Many buildings are still designed and built in one land-use type only: walls around the lot and a building sitting in the middle often surrounded by parking lots. The perimeter of the lot is the weakest chain in the link and the urban spatial continuity is severed right at the property line. There are a number of noble exceptions, but many government buildings, business headquarters, apartments, schools share this suburban and rural approach in occupying a land. Consequently, the interaction between streets and buildings, a vital source of urban energy, is often diminished to such a low level that buildings often refuse to be parts of the urban network. They are isolated nodes, monuments to themselves.

The Big Government, the Big Idea Syndrome
The legacies of traditional 'elite' die hard. Government officials and bureaucrats conservatives and liberals alike, believe they know better and therefore should lead the rest, often assuming domineering and condescending attitude toward people. An old concept, but still current. Yes, Korea is certainly one of the democracies in the world, with history of long and hard fights. But winning wars in the political battlefield is one thing, getting quality government services in everyday life is another. It is often claimed that the Korean machine does not function properly because of the restrictive culture largely created and supported by politicians and bureaucrats. Rules and regulations abound, some of which are not even clarified precisely in letter and applied at whimsy, making it very difficult to predict the process. In some cases the government and the publicly funded corporations act as if they did not understand the mechanics of free market and democracy. For example, some bids for public projects insist that the design copyright belong to the client, not to the architect. Nothing destroys the creative energy and free spirit of architects, engineers and designers than not having the credit and copyright, two of the supporting pillars of an information- and knowledge-based society, recognized and honoured for their own creation. It is no wonder that some of the most talented group stay away from public sector.
No government openly says it want to be big. Language is often too direct for that matter. Instead city planning and architecture come in as handy substitutes. The main issues in city planning have been often geared toward such 'big ideas' as magnificent boulevards and monumental government buildings, 'big' sectors for different city functions, sending out political messages for big government in forms, not words. A strong civil perspective, both in political and social senses, is what is lacking in the process of creating and maintaining our cities.

III. PROSPECTS

Death of Cities
Cities die. History books are filled with graphical evidences of ancient cities in ruins. 'The Death and Life of Great American Cities', a classic by Jane Jacobs, was met with doubts and reservations when it was introduced to Korea. Cities were not dying in Korea, a rapidly growing country at that time. Consequently the modern Koreans have started to believe subconsciously that their cities would survive forever; decisions were made based on that illusion.
However, the situation has changed. First we watched with surprise the government doing an artificial respiration on dying (or already dead) mining cities with an unlikely, almost surreal, means of building casinos. The rules of economic development says that next mining come other heavy industries. What will happen, for example, when the time has come for our shipbuilding industry, the world's largest at this moment, to lose its competitive edge, just as what happened in England and the US a long time ago? Can we afford to lose cities like Ulsan and Geojae? With the birth rate being what it is now, the lowest among the OECD countries and also with the exodus of industrial facilities to China, Vietnam and beyond, the possibility of cities dying for one reason or another is not remote anymore, a critical factor in examining issues related to the planning of new cities, including the NAC. If we decide that we cannot simply afford building new cities, let alone maintaining them, the focus should be on how we are to restructure and revive the existing ones.

Geriatric Society
The Korean society is getting increasingly old. A recent study shows that the country has satisfied the UN definition of a geriatric society, with more than 7% of its population being 65 years old or more. The number is expected to reach 14% in 2020, a potential record among OECD countries. How are we going to cope with that?
Mostly mountainous and hilly, the terrain in Korea is not ideal for people with limited mobility. Many attempts to use bicycles as a part of local, public transportation system have all failed because of many slopes and hills as well as lack of safe bicycle routes. Most of the built environment have been made with insufficient design guidelines for the elderly or no guidelines at all. Consequently the cities in Korea are very difficult places to navigate around if you are old, physically handicapped or simply not fit enough.

IV. Design Issues

Vertical Cities
The new ideas about cities will be vertical in concept and design. This doesn't necessarily mean that the cities will have many tall buildings. It is exactly the other way round; to maximize the efficiency both in terms of energy consumption and spatial movement, the cities needs to be compact and dense. Low-rise, high-density buildings, interconnected under, on and above ground, will consist most of the environmental hardware. The traditional zoning system based on plans needs to be revised to accomodate the vertical aspect of urban planning. A vertical zoning system is a possibility.

Learning from the Tropics
Korea's weather is becoming increasingly tropical. The emerging weather pattern, 'tropical with winters' as one might dub it, requires new approaches in urban planning and building design. More lessons can be learned from the tropical cities of the world in terms of their effort to fight with heat, humidity and rain; deep overhangs and balconies of traditional Thai architecture, or colonaded shops in downtown Singapore, to name a few.

Density Contrast
Density is one of the key issues in understanding the nature of cities. High density means more efficiency in land use, but could result in lower environmental quality. Low density on the other hand, is not always beneficial either, for it could mean less economic activities and social energy. Korea's population density is one of the highest in the world, making it natural for its people to underestimate the importance of high density. The IT industry, for example, can thrive in Korea largely because of its small size and high density. It has been suggested that in Korea an ideal density level of a city would be around 300 men/ha.
Another question is how to distribute the density. Cities naturally have denser areas (CBD's, high-rise areas) and less dense ones (parks, low-rise areas), but what happens in between and how are they to be connected? Density Contrast is a proposed concept aiming to help understand and describe what happens if two areas of radically different densities are put side by side, right next to each other. For example, the Central Park in New York City is surrounded by high-rise towers, both residential and commercial, with direct access to the largest open space in Manhattan. The stark contrast on both sides of the streets around the Park is what makes the Park and the City unique. This is an interesting case of urban symbiosis; a park is needed where there are many people and vice versa. If the neighborhood around the Central Park is not as dense, or the Park itself is in a suburban area where density is low, the hypertext-like urban experience created by Density Contrast would not exist.

The New Sensitivity
A city is not just a product of theories and hard science. It is a mixture of culture and lifestyle forming over a long period of time. It takes new sensitivity to create new cities, either from scratch or out of existing ones. Important it might be, but it seldom gets enough attention. For example, we can safely assume that a larger number of women, the physically handicapped and foreigners will participate in business and social activities in future Korean cities. The traditional concept and value system of a Korean society dominated by able-bodied Korean males are going to change. A new social landscape, much more complex and heterogeneous, will emerge, requiring different approaches to urban, architectural and environmental design. The new cities will need new sensitivity in virtually all levels of life, from design to management, from concept to details.

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